TEST 10
TASK1. Complete the following extract by choosing the correct word or phrase for each blank space from the list below. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the words you don’t know.
TASK2. Read the following extract and translate it into Russian in written form.
TASK3. Read the following text.
TASK4. Study the following case, then copy and fill in the table below with the information from the text.
TASK5. Translate the following sentences with the Gerund into Russian in written form.
TASK1. Complete the following extract by choosing the correct word or phrase for each blank space from the list below. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the words you don’t know.
STATES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Since international law (1) is primarily concerned with the rights and duties (2) of states, it is necessary to have a clear idea what a state is, for the purposes of international law. Under Article (3) I of the 1993 Montevideo Convention (4) on Rights and Duties of States the state as a person (5) of international law should possess the following qualifications (6):
- a permanent population;
- a defined territory;
- government; and
- capacity to enter into relations with other states.
The criterion of the ‘permanent population’ is connected with that of the territory and constitutes the physical basis for the existence of a state. For this reason, Antarctica, for example, cannot be regarded as a state (7). On the other hand (8), the fact that large numbers of people are moving in and out of the country, as in the case of Somalia, is in itself no bar to statehood (9), as long as there is a significant number of permanent inhabitants (10).
TASK2. Read the following extract and translate it into Russian in written form.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
A number of events or historical milestones mark the development of modern international law. Among these are the peace of Westphalia, the Congress of Vienna, and the establishment of the League of Nations and the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations.
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) and established a treaty-based system or framework for peace and cooperation in Europe that endured for more than a hundred years. It provided for the coexistence in certain parts of Europe of Catholicism and Protestantism, thus planting early seeds for religious freedom in Europe. The foundations and multi-state diplomatic congresses and negotiations were laid at the conferences that produced the two basic treaties comprising the peace of Westphalia. These agreements also proclaimed the doctrine pacta sunt servanda (treaties are to be observed) – a fundamental principle of international law – and established a machinery for the settlement of disputes arising between the signatories.
Исторический обзор международного права
Ряд событий или основные исторические этапы развития ознаменовали развитие современного международного права. Среди них Вестфальский мир, Венский конгресс, основание Лиги Наций и принятие устава организации объединенных наций.
По окончании тридцатилетней войны был подписан Вестфальский мир (1618-1648) в соответствии с которым была установлена основанная на договорах система или принципы для мира и сотрудничества в Европе, которая просуществовала более ста лет. Он предусматривал мирное существование католицизма и протестантизма в определенных областях Европы, тем самым зарождая религиозную свободу в Европе. На конференциях были заложены основные принципы и проведены международные переговоры, после которых было заключено два основных договора, в том числе Вестфальский мир. Эти соглашения провозгласили доктрину обязательности исполнения договоров (договоры должны быть изучены) – основополагающий принцип международного права – и создал механизм урегулирования споров, возникающих между подписавшими его сторонами.
TASK3. Read the following text.
THE EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN
One of the rights of European citizens is to complain to the European Ombudsman. The European Ombudsman investigates complaints about maladministration by institutions and bodies of the European Community (now European Union). The Ombudsman cannot deal with complaints concerning national, regional or local administrations of the member states.
The European Ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament for the duration of its term of office.
If you are a citizen of a member state or living in a member state, you can make a complaint to the European Ombudsman. Businesses, associations or other bodies with a registered office in the Union may also complain to the Ombudsman.
You can complain to the Ombudsman about maladministration in the activities of Community institutions and bodies. Maladministration means poor or failed administration. This occurs if an institution fails to do something it should have done, if it does it in the wrong way or if it does something that ought not to be done. Some examples are: unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, lack or refusal of information, unnecessary delay.
TASK4. Study the following case, then copy and fill in the table below with the information from the text.
Marshall v. Southampton Area Health Authority
Miss Marshall, a dietician, was compulsorily retired by the authority from her job when she was 62, although she wished to continue to 65. It was the Authority’s policy that the normal retiring age for its employees was the age at which the state retirement pensions became payable: for women this was 60, though the authority had waived the rule for two years in Miss Marshall’s case. She claimed that the Authority was discriminating against women by adopting a policy that employees should retire at state pension age, thus requiring women to retire before men. This policy appeared to be legal under the relevant English legislation but was argued to be contrary to a EU directive providing for equal treatment for men and women. The national court made a reference to the ECJ asking for directions on the meaning of the directive. The ECJ found that there was a conflict with United Kingdom law, and the UK later changed its legislation to conform.
TASK5. Translate the following sentences with the Gerund into Russian in written form.
1) Enforcing rules of International law is not always easy.
2) On completing the talks, the member states signed the agreement.
3) The main task of the European Ombudsman is to keep the Union institutions from misusing their powers.
4) The President’s being late was accepted with patience.
5) Their having incorporated principles of international law in their domestic law made it possible to cooperate mutually.
1. Обеспечение соблюдения норм международного закона не всегда легко.
2. По завершению разговора члены государств подписали договор.
3. Основными обязанностями Европейского омбудсмена является предотвращение злоупотребления своими полномочиями институтов ЕС.
4. К опозданию президента отнеслись с терпением.
5. Их инкорпорировавшие принципы международного права во внутреннем законодательстве позволили сотрудничать на взаимовыгодных условиях.
