Национально-культурная специфика кулинаронимов

Culinaronyms, being one of the thematic groups, are the names of dishes, drinks and confectionery.

Thematic based lingua cultural units can be similar to the linguistic units of other nations and cultures, but often in essence and content they will differ, since each culture and nation has its own mentality, worldview, foundations, morals, customs, and traditions. This is due to various reasons such as historical development, and the influence of political, social, cultural, and social factors. Basic lingua cultural units should reflect both cultural, political, social, economic, educational, historical, and other aspects of life, as well as national consciousness, mentality, and a national idea of the modern society [1].

There are many ways of developing students' lingua cultural competence, such as, for example, mastering speech etiquette and national stereotypes of speech behavior; the study of linguistic units with a national-cultural component of semantics as sources of extra linguistic information; reading the original texts reflecting folk traditions, folklore, spiritual culture of the country of the target language; watching films in a foreign language, listening to radio broadcasts and reading articles from newspapers and magazines, performing linguistic and cultural tests, crosswords, conducting quizzes, and much more. 

By the basic lingua cultural units we mean the main components of the language system reflecting the national and cultural specifics of society, determined by the system values of society and allowing the individual to ensure the development of abilities, the formation of a worldview and spirituality, all worthy preparation for their life in society. Accordingly, the culinaronym is a suitable vocabulary unit to deploy in the next direction that requires lingua cultural, as it relates to history, culture, and cuisine.

Due to the processes of globalization each culture has a chance and opportunity to express itself in the world by means of specific kind of communication – Foreign Language Culture Description. The Russian scholar V.V. Kabakchi and his scientific school have been working in a new branch of linguistics called interlinguaculturology which studies language in its secondary cultural orientation [6]. Each language is characterized by its functional duality. Functional dualism of language is the cornerstone of the theory of inter-lingua culturology. The main idea of functional duality is based upon the fact that it is presupposed historically that a language is oriented to its own internal culture with such orientation being primary for it. A language’s orientation towards a foreign culture (external) is considered to be its secondary cultural orientation. As our world is multilingual, it is inevitable that, although historically each language is primarily oriented towards its own (“internal”) culture, it is also used to speak of foreign (“external”) cultures as well. 

The names of elements of cultures may be divided into culturonyms, polyonyms and idioculturonyms (idionyms and xenonyms). The theory of inter-lingua culturology studies the characteristic features and development of the specialized language – Foreign – Culture-Oriented Language (FCO-English). FCO-English, being a global phenomenon, is characteristic of any world culture and language. The scientific school by prof. V.V. Kabakchi has been studying Russian Culture-Oriented English (RCO-English) as a variety of Foreign-Culture-Oriented Language. Due to some reasons, the fastest development of RCO-English is observed in English travel guides literature about Russia.

The national Russian cuisine is an integral part of the Russian culture and Russia’s everyday life. The culinary subject is being mostly highlighted in the up-to-date travel guides. The authors pay special attention to the names of the Russian food and its food ritual.

When analyzing the category of space in Russian culinaronyms, it is necessary to define the way of its expression. Just like the time category, the space category is also expressed implicitly and explicitly. Consequently, there are indirect and direct space categories in Russian culinaronyms. The latter is the space that exists or relates to a culinary product. For example: “голубцы в духовке» (cabbage rolls in the oven), “Венеция” (Venice), “Заснеженные Алпы” (Snow-covered Alps). From these examples, it becomes clear that “the oven” in the culinaronym refers to the kitchen appliances (regarding the cooking process); “Venice” and “the Alps” are perceived as real objects. Whereas the space in the indirect expression is represented by metaphors, i.e. the spatial image in a dish design is transferred to another object’s image, which reflects spatial significance or spatial relations. This space expression can be examplified by the following: “солнце на ладони” (the sun on a palm) (in this dish the sun is an egg yolk, a palm is dough around a yolk), “мишка в джакузи” (a bear in Jacuzzi) (this dish consists of two parts: a rice bear and a broth), “кабачки под зонтиком” (zucchini under an umbrella) (the umbrella in this dish is made of dill). Despite the fact that such objects as “bear”, “sun”, “palm”, “umbrella” really exist, they do not refer to the direct expression. It can be explained by the following facts that firstly, such objects perform a naming function, spatial washing exists when the prepared product is visual; secondly, the space or objects with the space designation created in such dishes is a “layout” of the original items. An implicit expression of the category of space also includes those culinaronyms that indicate an unknown direction or unspecific space. For example: “Грибочки спрятались?” (Did mushrooms hide?), “Курочка под прикрытием” (Chicken disguised). Regarding movement in Russian culinaronyms, a movement is expressed by a various types of sentences (veling, interrogative, and other). In Russian culinaronyms you can find the following: “Good luck!”, “Did the mushrooms hide?”, “Cool-twirl”, etc [1]. 

In recent years, in connection with the further development of Chinese and Russian relations, the issue of interaction and understanding between representatives of the two linguistic cultures, an integral part of which is the specific Russian and Chinese gastronomic worldview, has become acute. Under the gastronomic picture of the world, we will understand the "conceptual model of gastronomic preferences". It is not that the Russian and Chinese gastronomic pictures of the world did not become the object of special observation. Let us note the main features of the Chinese and Russian linguistic cultures, reflected in the phraseological units [2].

In Russian lingua culture, proverbs containing the names of food products often teach to be thrift: eat pies, and take care of the bread ahead; pies will lead to such a point that they will not give bread – they can condemn wastefulness, posturing associated with eating: eat nuts, but there are holes on the coat. The same qualities are reflected in the Chinese gastronomy picture of the world reflected in the following proverbs: 粮收万石， 也要粗茶淡饭。(Need to save food, even when there's plenty of bread); 惜衣有衣， 惜食有食。(If we take care of clothes, we will have clothes; if we take care of bread, we will have bread); 精打细算 ， 有 有有有 大 大 大 大大大大 (Only if we are frugal, we will have bread and clothing. If we spend too much, we will become poor) [7].