Внедрение информационных технологий Реферат

First, what in the world is information technology? In its most basic form, information technology is the utilization of computers to study, store, and control data or information. Information technology, or IT, is often used as a synonym for computer networks but it includes other information distribution technologies like phones, radios, and TVs.

The term “information technology” in its modern sense, first appeared in a 1958 article written by Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler. The article was published in The Harvard Business Reviewer. In the article, the authors commented “the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT) [2].” 

For Leavitt and Whisler, their definition included three categories: the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, techniques for processing, and the simulation of high-order thinking through computer programs.

Information technology has been around for centuries, practically as long as humans have been around. That’s right; information technology hasn’t always been about computers. Centuries ago, there were ways of using technology to communicate, unlike the ways it’s used now. The history of information technology is divided into four ages. Those four ages are pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic.

The earliest age of information technology is the pre-mechanical age. This age occurred between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D. During this age, humans obviously didn’t have computers, televisions, or telephones, but they used their own forms of information technology that you’re likely somewhat familiar with. Humans would attempt to communicate using language or picture drawings called petroglyphs, usually carved into rocks. It was then that some of the first alphabets were created, like the Phoenician alphabet.

Alphabets became more popular, and people started writing information down, so pens and paper were developed. Paper was eventually created out of papyrus plant, but the most popular form of paper was created by the Chinese who used rags.

As more information was written down, a way to store information was created. It was then that books and libraries were developed. There’s a good chance you’ve at least heard of Egyptian scrolls. Yes, even those were considered a form of information technology!

It was also during the pre-mechanical age that a numbering system was developed. In India in 100 A.D., people created the first 1-9 system. Once numbers were created, so were calculators. The calculator became the first sign of an information processor, and at the time, the popular model was the abacus.

In this work we have explored the information technology in its different displays. The researched problem helped us to make the number of conclusions.

First, the information technology in its narrow sense means the application of computers in different operations with data. In broad sense it includes any kind of device that deal with data operating system.

Information technology existed from the very beginning of mankind and developed with the human. The evolution of IT has passed 4 periods: Pre-Mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, Electromechanical Age, Electronic Age.

The classification of information technology determines its types according to different factors such as automatization, operations, the type of interface etc.

Second, the research showed that the information technology is available for anyone. One can buy an average desktop computer or a laptop for about 500$. Say nothing of smartphones and tablets that are getting cheaper and “smarter”. World leading manufactures are trying to do their best to update their product and make it more attractive for buyers.

Third, the Internet is one of the necessary thins for modern society. It helps to be in touch with modern technology and trends. The survey showed, that a number of Internet users is rapidly growing. The most popular kind of data transmission is wireless technology. Wireless LANs use electromagnetic airwaves (radio or infrared) to communicate information from one point to another without relying on any physical connection. Radio waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they simply perform the function of delivering energy to a remote receiver. The data being transmitted is superimposed on the radio carrier so that it can be accurately extracted at the receiving end. There exist several types of wireless data transmission: Wireless Ethernet network, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G. The most popular are Wi-Fi for computers and other indoor devices, 4G is commonly used for smartphones.

Fourth, cloud computing is a new modern perspective technology of operating data. If you use an online service to send email, edit documents, watch movies or TV, listen to music, play games or store pictures and other files, it is likely that cloud computing is making it all possible behind the scenes. Here are a few of the things you can do with the cloud: create new apps and services store, back up and recover data, host websites and blogs, stream audio and video, deliver software on demand, analyse data for patterns and make predictions. It is a good alternative for ordinary data storage. But still many people are suspicious about the cloud computing because they afraid of their information to be stolen.