Монография Реферат

To begin with, we should define the term text within the field of translation studies. It should be taken into account that any text was made by one or several authors who created a specific linguistic code in some cultural context and who had a certain goal in mind and audience. 

There is a certain Communicative Act Model, which introduce some features, which are necessary for the process of translation of any text. Here belong the following points: 

1. author – the understanding of the purpose of the text, importance of authorial intention;

2. audience – we must have the knowledge of target audience, who is it, what is the range of it, etc.; 

3. context – we must define how understandable the message is without the addition of extratextual socio-cultural information;

4. code with the language, register, and dialect features – the aim is to identify some qualities of the language - standard oral or written forms, dialect components, etc. and to identify the level of difficulty;

5. message – a translator must understand whether it is primarily information-based and the presence of a significant aesthetic component;

6. channel with mode of contact – the way the contact is initiated and maintained. A translator must decide what type of text it is – oral or written, the way the message is exchanged and its genre. 

These factors must be in any communicative act, but their relations may change from act to act. The prevailing factor of a communicative act may change.

There are a lot of definitions of human language and all of them mention obligatory hierarchical levels of language. These levels begin with the smallest units of language and end with the largest units. According to most definitions of language, phoneme – is the smallest unit of speech and it has a lot of distinctive features. The preference is given to a speech sound, because we initially learn languages through aural medium. But grapheme can also be the smallest distinctive unit, but of written language. In this case it should be mentioned that there are various alternative graphic systems representing all languages. They are:

1. phonological system – is about some relationship between the sounds and graphics of a language;

2. non-phonological – relations between writing system and some cultural-defined symbolic system.

As concerns alphabets, which represent the writing system of both Russian and English, we should mention that there is a complex relationship between the individual graphemes and the phonemes of the language. Both languages have their own features and relations in their phonological systems.  Relationship between alphabet letter and phonemic sound in Russian is closer than the relationship of those in the English language.

The most important difference between Russian and English language is that they have different alphabets: Cyrillic and Latin. But some people think that it is very difficult to acquire the Cyrillic alphabet and prefer to acquire a European language that uses a similar alphabet to English.

A very important point to consider is orthographic modifications. To begin with, it should be mentioned that in 1917 in Russia was the revolution, that made an orthographic reform. According to this reform some alphabet letters were completely removed (namely jat’ and the letter /i/) or significantly reduced in usage from the Cyrillic alphabet (the hard sign /ъ/ in word-final position). But even nowadays scholars deal with texts written in the old orthography and it is necessary for them.

At the end of the research we may make some conclusions:

1. in the process of translation target source language and text and target language and text are involved;

2. communicative act model introduce the following important for the translation features: author, audience, context, code, message, channel;

3. R. Jakobson introduced three modes of translation: intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic;

4. source text preference and target text preference play important role in translation;

5. there is a continuum of source and target text relationships, which include literal, faithful, balanced, idiomazing and free translation; 

6. there are numerous types of issues in translation, such as phonological and graphic, morphological and grammatical, cultural, discourse, register, and translation issues;

7. the process of translation is difficult enough and in order to make a good translation a person must know features, culture and characteristic of both source and target language.