Повышение износостойкости резиновых манжет редуктора маслонососов комбайна КПО Реферат

The life cycle of mining begins with exploration, continues through production, and ends with closure and post-mining land use. New technologies can benefit the mining industry and consumers in all stages of this life cycle. This report does not include downstream processing, such as smelting of mineral concentrates or refining of metals. The discussion is limited to the technologies that affect steps leading to the sale of the first commercial product after extraction.

This work focuses on the system of surface mining and tunneling. It is the aim to describe the extraction mechanisms and the occurring interactions between the tool and the respectively ground, from a metallurgical point of view. Therefore, the used tool design and the wear resistant materials will be introduced, either.

The purpose of the work is to describe the wear resistance increase of rubber cuffs of the reducer of the tunneling mining machine.

The tasks are:

- to give the definition of the notion “mining”;

- to describe tunneling mining machines;

- to analyze the necessity of tunneling mining machines.

Mining can be broadly divided into two categories: surface mining and underground mining. Non-entry mining is associated with in-situ mining and augering. Each type of mining has numerous variations, depending on the combination of deposit type, rock strength, depth, thickness, inclination, roof, and floor strata. The extraction of narrow veins, steeply inclined deposits, and deposits at great depth present significant challenges.

Surface mining, wherever applicable, is more advantageous than underground mining in terms of ore recovery, operational flexibility, productivity, safety, and cost. Currently, almost all nonmetallic minerals (more than 95 percent), most metallic ores (more than 90 percent), and a large fraction of coal (more than 60 percent) are mined by surface methods. However, as surface mineral deposits are exhausted, underground mining will inevitably become more prevalent. In addition, as more easily minable deposits are depleted, mining technology and equipment and mining systems for extracting problematic deposits will have to be developed.

Surface mining is a generic term describing several methods of mining mineral deposits from the surface, which entails removing the vegetation, top soil, and rock (called overburden materials) above the mineral deposit, removing the deposit, and reclaiming the affected land for post-mining land use. The most important factors determining whether surface mining can be done today are economic and technical - the price for the product, the cost of production, the quality and quantity of the deposit, the volume of overburden to be removed per ton of the deposit, and the feasibility of reclamation. The practice of surface mining is quite complex and can involve all or several of the following steps: site preparation, overburden drilling and blasting, loading and hauling overburden (waste), drilling and blasting the deposit, loading and hauling the ore, and reclaiming the site.

Due to the constantly growing demand for ores, it is becoming more and more attractive to extract raw materials underground at increasingly greater depths. Whether and when deposits are profitable also depends on the efficiency of the technology used to extract ore deposits. The author therefore used his expertise in mechanized tunneling to develop innovative machine concepts for a variety of applications in mining. Whether for vertical access or production shafts, inclined vehicle access ramps, ventilation shafts or transport routes, technology is designed for smallest and largest diameters and can reach depths of up to 2,000 meters. The innovative solutions are based on proven principles and stand for high advance rates and compact design. Tunneling technology is thus optimally designed for the safe, fast and efficient mechanized construction of shafts and galleries in all areas of mining.

The health and safety of every employee are essential prerequisites for all activities in the challenging work underground. As a premium supplier, tunneling sets the highest standards in terms of health protection, occupational safety and quality. Therefore, the safe success of your project is a certainty.

Tunneling mining machines, shaft-boring systems stand for innovative machine concepts that reach deposits at great depths of up to 2,000 meters safely and efficiently. They thus meet all requirements of the modern mining industry: short construction times for deep shafts with maximum safety. Thanks to simultaneous process steps, our mechanized systems can achieve high shaft sinking speeds and at the same time considerably improve work safety in mines. Shaft wall over-excavation is drastically reduced compared to conventional methods. All common lining methods can be used for securing the shaft wall. The mucking system can be selected according to the project requirements: pneumatic, slurry or mechanical mucking as well as muck haulage to a lower level through a pilot hole are possible.

Due to the increase in the world population from 7.28 mrd. people in 2015 to 9.6 mrd. people in 2050, more resources like energy, food, materials for consumer goods and more living space are required in the future. To provide these demands, new technological solutions have to be developed, enabling a saving of limited resources by an improved efficiency of machines or allowing the use of global available materials as substitution candidates. Independently of the respectively increase of the plants efficiency, there is no doubt that more resources are required, thus representing the continuing relevance of mining processes in the future. Beside more resources, more living space and the associated infrastructure is mandatory by an increase of the world population. 

Especially, the height of skyscrapers is limited due to statically limitations, weather influences and geological conditions, thus underground urbanization becomes more attractive. Although tunneling and mining are pursuing different objectives, the used exploration techniques are almost the same. However, for the construction of a tunnel in heavily populated areas like cities, settlements of buildings and an associated damage because of a subsidence of the ground has to be avoided. For this purpose, more sensitive and saver techniques have to be used. In this context, tunneling machines, have gained an improved importance within the last decades. 

Tunneling machines are mobile factories, allowing the mining of rock and soil at the working face, the transport of the minded materials out of the tunnel and the buildup of the tunnel construction by tubbing, mortal and shotcrete at the same time. In the case of the extraction of resources, economic aspects and the accessibility to the deposit (depth) are mainly determining the mining conditions, thus blasting, drilling, rock milling and the use of excavators are commonly used. Beside the cost-intensive underground extraction of hard coal, soft coal is mainly extracted by opencast mining by a large surface extraction using open cast mine excavators, which can operate in a more economical way. This economic mining process is the main reason for the still pronounced soft coal production in Europe. To ensure competitive lignite exploitation in comparison to low wage countries, economic mining process because of minimized downtimes and increase extraction efficiency has to be ensured. 

Many items of mining machinery are often required for an operation of any kind. When the wrong machinery is used, problems can happen. If tunnels are not dug properly, loose rubble can fall and pose a threat not just to machines but also the people that are operating them. Other problems can happen underground, such as there being excess debris. When rocks and other debris are not taken away after being excavated, this can pose an additional threat to employee safety, in particular because they can trip - machinery can also damage the tires of any vehicle that meets detritus. It is important that the relevant mining machinery is purchased so that a project can commence. 

By choosing affordable equipment, it can also be completed under budget.

Paus Mining Vehicles holds the solution to any mining project which you are in charge of. There are a huge range of items to choose from, such as dumpers. Safely containing a huge amount of debris, a dumper is also easy to operate. If several dumpers are purchased for a mining operation, they can navigate around each other and it'll be highly unlikely that there will be any accidents at all.

For China mining machinery industry, the 1990s is the most difficult period. Only after 1999, it began to recover and ushered a new developmental opportunity. However, at present its technological base is still weak. Experts suggest that China mining machinery industry should seize opportunities to accelerate development through research and technical innovation.

In this paper the tunneling mining systems of surface mining and tunneling processes were discussed with regard to the commonly used tool concepts, the different materials and the acting wear mechanisms. Thereby, hard facing alloys, cemented carbides and metal matrix composites were introduced in this context. Based on the microstructural scale, the interaction between the tool microstructure and the present geology and the resulting wear mechanism was introduced, briefly.

Commonly, tools for mining and tunneling applications are made of a weldable construction steel substrate, which is locally protected against abrasion by hard facings or inserted cemented carbide studs or cutting plates. In both cases, high amount of the critical element tungsten is required for the materials production. Counteracting a further shortage of suitable wear resistant materials, new materials as a substitution candidate have to be found. 

1. departure - отправление

2. freight - груз

3. shipment - перевозка

4. tare - тара

5. weight - вес

6. barrel - баррель

7. batch number - серийный номер

8. bill of entry - ввозная таможенная декларация

9. bulk cargo - насыпной груз

10. by mail, by post - почтой

11. cardboard box - картонная коробка

12. cargo - груз

13. load - груз

14. carriage - перевозка

15. carrier - перевозчик

16. certificate of origin - сертификат происхождения

17. clearance - разрешение

18. heavy traffic - интенсивное движение

19. delivery - доставка

20. supply - поставка

21. in bond - в ожидании разрешения

22. in bulk - оптом

23. in transit - транзитом

24. lorry - грузовик

25. truck - грузовик

26. net weight - чистый вес

27. on arrival - по прибытию