Английский язык Контрольная

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец № 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
 

1 Past Indefinite Passive.

New underground lines were built in Moscow last year. 

Новые линии метро были построены в Москве в прошлом году.

2 Past Simple Active, Past Perfect Continuous Passive. 

When I went to Minsk in 1987 the first underground line was still being built. 

Когда я приехал в Минск в 1987 году, первую линию метро все еще строили.

1 It was nine o'clock when we got home. 

Мы пришли домой в 9.

2 Is it winter now in that part of the country? 

В этой части страны сейчас зима?

1 I was writing to my sister at 7 o'clock. 

Я писал свой сестре в 7 часов.

2 What were you doing at five yesterday? 

Что ты делал вчера в 5 часов вечера?

1 Marketing planning must include all the ingredients necessary to satisfy customers. 

Маркетинговое планирование должно включать все элементы, необходимые для потребительского удовлетворения.

2 I am glad you have made great progress in English. 

Я рад, что вы сделали большой прогресс в английском.

1 Belarus is building a market economy and is going to abide its rules. 

Беларусь строит рыночную экономику и намеревается следовать ее правилам.

2 We never expected you to do so much work for us. 

Мы никогда не думали, что ты сделаешь так много работы за нас.

In deciding whether a pack is fit for its purpose, fundamental knowledge is required about the product, the properties of the packaging material, the means of transport and the treatment it will receive in transit. When designing a pack we must know what shock will break the article; if it is metal, whether it is likely to corrode or not; if it is a perishable line, what its moisture sensitivity is, and so on. 

A lot of hazards confront a packaged product on its journey to an export market. There is, for instance, the handling it might have to withstand. Every transshipment, from quay to deck or vice versa, and from ship to road- or rail-vehicle is a possibility of damage. 

Sometimes facilities are inadequate overseas, sometimes packs are mishandled because dockers do not know the meaning of "fragile", "this way up" or "do not use grabs", etc.

In the-export of consumer goods, however, totally different problems arise as well. Textiles demand a form of packaging, which has little relationship to, say, soap, powder or confectionery. 

In these fields the trouble is not 30 much the protection of the product as the selling appeal of the container for the particular country to which it is destined. In export packaging the solution can only be found in the combination of knowledge of the product itself, the market to which it is intended, and the hazards of the trip. 

Timber has been found to be suitable packaging material for many goods. The packing of food alone provides a great variety, including fresh fruits, vegetables, dried fruits and preserves, canned fruit and tinned meats, butter, margarine, cheese, eggs, and fish. 

Delicate equipment, like electrical and radio compounds and various other goods, which need the most careful protection against damage, can be safely crated in timber. When special protective lining has to be incorporated wood has been found to be well fit. Methods of treating timber by spraying with synthetic resin compounds to prevent damage by moisture are now in suite common use. In many instances it is no longer necessary to give the Roods a special protective wrapping. 

An enormous quantity of jute cloth is used as baling material in the export of many articles. The other main use of jute in packaging is as a bag or sack. For more than a century jute bags have served to pack the grain crops of the world. Jute is particularly well suited for packaging certain commodities because the porosity of the cloth allows the contents, to "breathe". But the construction of a bag can be altered to give water- and air-tight fabric as well. 

Sugar and coffee are packaged in sacks, so are artificial fertilizers. But in this branch paper sacks are often used. 

Many commodities are packaged in glass containers. The range and shape of glass containers are very great; they can be produced in clear glass or in a wide range of colours. The increasing popularity of glass derives undoubtedly from its all-round 26 suitability as a container. It has many advantages: it can be washed and sterilized effectively without deterioration. It is non-permeable to gases, odours, and vapours. 

A wide variety of closures have been developed: metal, plastics, cork, or rubber. Glass containers are used for drinks, medicines, drugs, cosmetics, and other goods. The moat common form of the metal container is the food can. The production of food cane is closely related to the canning industry. The most important advantage is that it is more durable than glass containers. It is used for many purposes.

Перевод

Необходимы фундаментальные знания о продукте, свойствах упаковочного материала, транспортных средствах и обработке, которую он получит в пути для принятия решения о том, соответствует ли упаковка своему назначению. При создании упаковки необходимо знать, что может повредить товару; если это металл, существует ли вероятность коррозии; если это скоропортящаяся изделия, какова их чувствительность к влаге и так далее.

На пути к экспортному рынку упакованный продукт сталкивается с большим количеством опасностей. Например, перегрузка, которую он может выдержать. Любая перегрузка с причала на палубу или наоборот, а также с судна на автомобильное или железнодорожное транспортное может нанести повреждения.

Иногда приспособления не соответствуют зарубежным требованиям, иногда пакеты неправильно транспортируются, потому что грузчики не знают значения слов "хрупкий, верх или не использовать экскаватор " и т. д.

Однако при экспорте потребительских товаров возникают и совершенно иные проблемы. Текстиль требует такой формы упаковки, которая имеет мало общего, скажем, с мылом, порошком или кондитерскими изделиями.

1 What is required to decide whether a pack is fit for its purpose? 

Fundamental knowledge about the product, the properties of the packaging material, the means of transport and the treatment is required to decide whether a pack is fit for its purpose.

2 Do a lot of hazards confront a packaged product on its journey to an export market? 

Yes, a lot of hazards confront a packaged product on its journey to an export market.

3 Has timber found to be suitable packaging material for many goods? 

Timber has been found to be suitable packaging material for many goods.

4 What prevents timber from damage by moisture? 

Spraying with synthetic resin compounds prevents timber from damage by moisture.