1. Read the text and translate the italised extract in written form.
THE PLANET AND THE BIOSPHERE
The part of the surface of Earth that is moved by solar energy and that hosts life forms is called the biosphere or the ecosphere. It is a highly dynamic system that integrates all living species, which is referred to as biota, and its environment, which consists of the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (waters and oceans) and the pedosphere, which is the free layer of soil on the ground.
We may also discuss the whole system that is involved in material flows. This is the geo-biosphere which contains in addition to the ecosphere, the cryosphere, and the lithospere, that is the crust of the planet.
The circumstances needed for life on land, that is the oxygen in the atmosphere and the UV protecting shield of ozone in the stratosphere, were present 350 million years ago. Since then life has promoted an increasing amount of organic materials on the surface of the Earth. These contain carbon, but also oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur, in addition to smaller amounts of other elements. Biomass constitutes a material pool of great importance.
The material flows that occur independent of life are limited. They are driven by e.g. volcanism, and chemical reactions caused by e.g. lightning. Life processes have increased these material flows enormously and are since their beginning integral parts of all the major material flows on earth. That is why these flows are called the bio-geo-chemical flows. Through photosynthesis and the coupled carbon dioxide fixation, life has moved masses in the ecosphere which, since the beginning of life, is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as the mass of the Earth itself. Today's global Net Primary Production (NPP) of biomass is estimated at 50 Gton carbon/year for the continents and about half that amount for the oceans. The turnover of matter from the lithosphere to the ecosphere is mediated by the extremely important thin layer of soil.
Материальные потоки, которые происходят независимо от жизни, ограничены. Они приводятся в движение, например, вулканизмом и химическими реакциями, вызванными, например, молнией. Жизненные процессы неимоверно увеличили эти материальные потоки, и являются с самого начала неотъемлемыми частями всех основных материальных потоков на земле.
TASK1
FILL IN THE MISSING PREPOSITION:
1. Today’s global Net Primary Production (NPP) of biomass is estimated at 50 Gton carbon/year for the continents and about half that amount for the oceans.
2. The turnover of matter from the lithosphere to the ecosphere is mediated by the extremely important thin layer of soil.
TASK2
USE THE PROPER FORM OF THE INFINITIVE OR INFINITIVE COMPLEX:
1. In the history of the planet, major part of the carbon cycle is estimated to have taken care of some 60 entire atmospheres of carbon dioxide.
2. Sweden took the initiative to place the issue of environment on the agenda of the United Nations.
TASK3
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING COLLOCATIONS FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN:
1. sustainable development – устойчивое развитие;
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING COLLOCATIONS FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH:
4. ускорить цикл – to forward (speed up) the cycle;
TASK4
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR DEFINITIONS AND TRANSLATE THEM
1 – e, 2 – b, 3 – c, 4 – f,
1. atmosphere - атмосфера;
2. biosphere – биосфера;
3. ecosphere – экосфера;
4. hydrosphere – гидросфера;
5. lithosphere – литосфера;
6. biota – биота;
7. combustion – горение;
8. biomolecule – биомолекула;
9. sulfur – сера;
10. carbon dioxide – углекислый газ;
a. an organic molecule and esp. a macromolecule in living organisms;
органические молекулы и особенно макромолекулы в живых организмах;
b. the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth or other planet occupied by living organisms;
участки поверхности и атмосферы земли или другой планеты, занимаемые живыми организмами;
c. the biosphere of the earth or another planet, esp. when the interaction between the living and nonliving components is emphasized;
биосфера земли или другой планеты, особенно когда подчёркивается взаимодействие между живыми и неживыми компонентами%
