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Energy fr om the Sun

Renewable energy is derived mainly from the sun, but also from planetary motion and from the Earth. Finite sources of energy are derived from the sun, nuclear reaction on the Earth and chemical reactions from mineral sources. Renewables can be divided into solar energy (solar thermal systems and photovoltaics, biomass, wind power), hydropower and other water-based systems, and geothermal energy.

Solar thermal systems use sunlight to heat water or air either directly or indirectly. Systems range from simple thermal collectors which provide low temperature heat for domestic water heating or space heating to more sophisticated systems using parabolic mirrors to provide high temperature heat second most common element in the Earth’s crust.

Biomass is a collective term for plant matter created by photosynthesis and derivatives such as forest and crop residues, animal wastes and the organic content of domestic and municipal solid waste. Biomass can be used as a direct source of heat to produce electricity or as a feedstock to produce gaseous or liquid fuels.

Wind is an indirect form of solar energy since it is a result of the expansion and convention of air as solar radiation is absorbed on the Earth. Wind energy systems can be stand alone – to provide mechanical energy or to generate electricity for local use – or grid-connected, in which case a number of wind turbine generators are linked together to form part of a large electricity network.

Water-based systems include hydropower, tidal power, wave power, and ocean thermal energy. Hydropower is the most highly developed of all renewables. Tidal power is similar to conventional hydroelectricity schemes apart from the fact that the head of water is obtained from the rise and fall of the tide instead of from rivers. Wave power uses the motion of water in ocean waves to move floating devices and generate electric power either directly or indirectly.

Geothermal energy uses heat from the Earth’s interior – such as warm water or steam trapped in underground reservoirs. It is ‘renewable’ only if the heat extracted does not exceed that replenished from the centre of the earth and if the water which brings the heat to the surface is reinjected.

Солнечные тепловые системы используют солнечный свет для прямого или непрямого нагрева воды или воздуха. Системы варьируются от простых тепловых коллекторов, которые обеспечивают тепло низкой температуры для нагрева воды в домашних условиях до обогрева помещений при помощи более сложных систем, которые используют параболические зеркала для обеспечения высокой температуры в качестве второго наиболее распространенного элемента в земной коре.

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1 What do water-based systems include?

Water-based systems include hydropower, tidal power, wave power, and ocean thermal energy.

2 How is renewable energy derived?

Renewable energy is derived mainly from the sun, but also from planetary motion and from the Earth.

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3.1 The greenhouse effect (always/exist).

3.2 As sunlight (to enter) the atmosphere, the surface of the earth (to be warmed).

3.3 Scientists (to predict) that the level of the sea (to rise) by 1,2 to 1,5 meters by 2050.

3.4 It (to be) as recently as 350 million years ago that the first life (to appear) on land.

3.5 Unfortunately, our planet (not to seem) like a safe place for animals.

3.1 The greenhouse effect always exists.

3.2 As sunlight enters the atmosphere, the surface of the earth will be warmed.

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4.1 Several environment pollutants act mostly (on, at, in) a local level.

4.2. Coastal ecosystems which are feeding billions of the world’s inhabitants are being threatened ___ the activities of these __________ eutrophication.

4.3 Greenpeace scientific presentations and peaceful direct actions ___ sea and ___ land have shocked governments and industries into an awareness.

4.4 Lives ___ many big cities have become miserable because __ congestion, noise, and pollution___ motor vehicles.

4.5 Several principles basic (on, to, at) environmental legislation have been developed during the last fifteen years.

4.1 Several environment pollutants act mostly on a local level.

4.2. Coastal ecosystems which are feeding billions of the world’s inhabitants are being threatened with the activities of these eutrophication.