Транспортная логистика на железнодорожном транспорте, перевозка массовых грузов Реферат

The term “transportation” refers to the movement of product fr om one point to another as it moves fr om the beginning of a supply chain to the customer. In the United States, for example, freight transportation costs amount to about 6% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

Since logistics advanced from 1950s, there were numerous researches focused on this area in different applications. Due to the trend of nationalization and globalization in recent decades, the importance of logistics management has been growing in various areas. For industries, logistics helps to optimize the existing production and distribution processes based on the same resources through management techniques for promoting the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. The key element in a logistics chain is transportation system, which joints the separated activities. Transportation occupies one-third of the amount in the logistics costs and transportation systems influence the performance of logistics system hugely. Transporting is required in the whole production procedures, from manufacturing to delivery to the final consumers and returns. Only a good coordination between each component would bring the benefits to a maximum [1, p. 393-405.].

Transportation infrastructure consists of the rights-of-ways, vehicles, and carrier organizations that offer transportation services on a for-hire or internal basis. The nature of the infrastructure also determines a variety of legal and economic characteristics for each mode or multi-modal system. A mode identifies the basic transportation method or form.

Since olden times, railroads have handled the largest number of ton-miles. As a result of the early establishment of a comprehensive rail network connecting almost all the cities and towns, railways dominated the intercity freight tonnage till World War II and in some cases of Europe, Asia and Africa they even connected the countries. This early superiority enabled railways to transport large shipments very economically.

The capability to efficiently transport large tonnage over long distances is the main reason railroads continue to handle significant intercity tonnage and revenue. Railroad operations incur high fixed costs because of expensive equipment, right-of-way (railroads must maintain their own track), switching yards, and terminals. However, rail experiences relatively low operating costs. The replacement of steam by diesel power reduced the railroads’ variable cost per ton-mile, and electrification offers potential for more reductions. New labor agreements have reduced workforce requirements, further decreasing variable costs.

These days’ rail transport only focuses on transporting specific products, which are best, suited to the requirement. Greatest railroad tonnage comes from raw material extractive industries located at considerable distances. Despite problems, Rail fixed-variable costs are still superior for long distances. Railroads basically

Transportation infrastructure consists of the rights-of-ways, vehicles, and carrier organizations that offer transportation services on a for-hire or internal basis. The nature of the infrastructure also determines a variety of legal and economic characteristics for each mode or multi-modal system. A mode identifies the basic transportation method or form.

Since olden times, railroads have handled the largest number of ton-miles. As a result of the early establishment of a comprehensive rail network connecting almost all the cities and towns, railways dominated the intercity freight tonnage till World War II and in some cases of Europe, Asia and Africa they even connected the countries. This early superiority enabled railways to transport large shipments very economically.

The capability to efficiently transport large tonnage over long distances is the main reason railroads continue to handle significant intercity tonnage and revenue. Railroad operations incur high fixed costs because of expensive equipment, right-of-way (railroads must maintain their own track), switching yards, and terminals. However, rail experiences relatively low operating costs. The replacement of steam by diesel power reduced the railroads’ variable cost per ton-mile, and electrification offers potential for more reductions. New labor agreements have reduced workforce requirements, further decreasing variable costs.

These days’ rail transport only focuses on transporting specific products, which are best, suited to the requirement. Greatest railroad tonnage comes from raw material extractive industries located at considerable distances. Despite problems, Rail fixed-variable costs are still superior for long distances. Railroads basically concentrate on the container traffic and are becoming more responsive of the customer needs, emphasizing bulk industries and heavy manufacturing.

They have expanded their intermodal operations through alliances and motor carrier ownership. Railroads are even concentrating on development of special equipment. There are unit trains which are entire train carrying the same commodity, which are bulk products such as coal or grain. Unit trains are faster, less expensive to operate and quick as it can bypass rail yards and go direct to the product’s destination.

There are also various different types, such as articulated cars for extended Rail chassis, double-stack rail cars, have 2 levels of containers, thereby doubling the capacity of each car. It also reduces chances of damage because of their design. These technologies have been applied by railroads to reduce weight, increase carrying capacity, and facilitate interchange [3].

Railway transportation is not only particularly sustainable, but is also faster than shipping and cheaper than air operations. But it is not always possible to use rail transport for the complete journey. We therefore handle the pick-up and final delivery runs for you and combine several means of transport to form multi-modal transport chains. We have tri-modal rail ports available at several locations for this purpose.

This paper covers broadly from logistics activities to transportation systems and attempts to determine the role of transportation in logistics systems through extensive review. The main contents of the research include a review of logistics development, the characters of various transport operations in logistics activities, the applications of logistics in various fields, future direction in logistics development, and its cooperation with transport systems. To sum up, logistics and transportation have some relevance. Logistics system has a more and more important position in our society activities. Transportation and logistics systems have interdependent relationships that logistics management needs transportation to perform its activities and meanwhile, a successful logistics system could help to improve traffic environment and transportation development. Since transportation contributes the highest cost among the related elements in logistics systems, the improvement of transport efficiency could change the overall performance of a logistics system. Transportation plays an important role in logistics system and its activities appear in various sections of logistics processes. Without the linking of transportation, a powerful logistics strategy cannot bring its capacity into full play.

The transport and logistics graduates are in the unique position to develop personal and transferable skills required by the industry through the subjects taught and work experience during the period of study. The subjects studied at university will help future graduates to acquire a diverse array of knowledge and skills to effectively help them in their jobs. The skills that a graduate can bring in the transport and logistics industry are various and can be categorized as interpersonal and organizational skills.

The review of logistics system in a broad sense might help to integrate the advantages from different application cases to overcome their current disadvantage. On the other hand, the review of transport systems provides a clearer notion on transport applications in logistics activities. The development of logistics will be still vigorous in the following decades and the logistics concepts might be applied in more fields.

The transport and logistics graduates have to possess a variety of interpersonal skills that will add value to their future employers. One of the most important is communication, wh ere the process of presenting the information to internal and external partners is seen as key in performing tasks successfully. Having developed communication skills such as listening, the graduates can work efficiently in teams wh ere decisions are reached by consensus.

The main tasks of transport are to improve needs of cargo owners and the entire population in transportation.

Cargo stations of railways and the adjacent access roads of industrial enterprises play an important role in the process of delivering goods from production sites to places of consumption. Continuous improvement of the technology of their operation is one of the main conditions for the successful carriage of goods by rail.