Introduction
In the early days of computing, computers were seen as devices for making calculations, storing knowledge, and automating subject processes. However, as the devices evolved, it became evident that many of the functions of telecommu-nications could be integrated into the computer. During the 1980s, many organi-zations began combining their once-divide telecommunications and data-systems departments into a message technology, or IT, branch. This capacity for comput-ers to communicate with one another and, maybe more importantly, to smooth communication between individuals and groups, has been a significant element in the development of computing over the former several decades.
The Data Networking Technology (DNT) is the decisive technology of the data period, as the electrical machine was the vector of technological transfor-mation of the industrial period. This worldwide network of computer networks, chiefly based nowadays on platforms of wireless communication, provides crossover ability of multimodal, interactive communication in chosen period, higher interval.
Computer networking really began in the 1960s with the origin of the In-ternet. However, while the Internet and network were developing, corporate net-work was also captivating form in the formation of district space networks and client-server computing. In the 1990s, Internet technologies began to enter all ar-eas of the structure. Nowadays, with the Internet as a worldwide event, it would be inconceivable to have a computer that did not comprise communications ca-pabilities.
The Internet is not really a new technology: its ancestor, the Arpanet, was first deployed in 1969. But it was in the 1990s when it was privatized and re-leased from the control of the U.S. Department of Commerce that it diffused around the world at extraordinary speed: in 1996 the first survey of Internet us-ers counted about 40 million; in 2013 they are over 2.5 billion, with China ac-counting for the largest number of Internet users. Furthermore, for some time the spread of the Internet was limited by the difficulty to lay out land-based tele-communications infrastructure in the emerging countries. This has changed with the explosion of wireless communication in the early twenty-first century. Count-ing on the family and village uses of mobile phones, and taking into consideration the limited use of these devices among children under five years of age, we can say that humankind is now almost entirely connected, albeit with great levels of inequality in the bandwidth as well as in the efficiency and price of the service.
At the heart of these communication networks, the Internet ensures the production, circulation, and use of digitized data in all formats. According to the study published by Martin Hilbert in Science, 95 % of all data, existing in the planet is digitized and most of it is approachable on the Internet and other com-puter networks.
Any procedure of main technological substitution generates its own my-thology. In part because it comes into procedure before scientists can assess its effects and implications, so there is always a space between social variety and its agreement. For ex-ample, media often account that extreme use of the Internet in-creases the danger of expropriation, isolation, cavity, and deletion from mankind. In fact, available verification shows that there is either no relationship or a cer-tain cumulative relationship between the Internet use and the concentration of so-ciality.
Thus, the purpose of this article will be to summarize the key research find-ings on the social effects of the Internet relying on the evidence provided by some of the main institutions specialized in the public study of the Internet.
As a rule, the Internet, and the many Web-based services available today, has changed the way we live and work. It is possible to work from home now or at least work far more flexibly, thanks to secure wide-band Internet connections. We can shop online, bank online, and even renew our motor insurance, road tax and the TV license online. We can receive live Internet TV and radio broadcasts, download music and video, catch up with the news and sport, get a weather re-port, book a holiday, or even track down long lost friends.
1 What is information technology?
Information Technology (IT) is the supplement of computers and Internet to retain, extract, transfer, and manipulate information, often in the context of a business or other institution. IT is considered a subset of information and com-munications technology (ICT) and has developed according to the necessities.
The term IT is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer webs, but it also comprises other information distribution technologies such as television or telephone. Several industries are associated with information tech-nology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, Internet, telecom equipment, engineering, and healthcare, advertisements, and computer services.
Thanks to the continuous growth of computers, the original computing sys-tems became minicomputers and later personal computers took the lead. Now, mobile phones are deposing the personal computer and computing is developing faster to be dis-embodied more like a cloud, becoming available more easily whenever needed. IT has transformed people and enterprises and has allowed digital technology to influence society and economy. It has shaped societies and adapted itself to people's needs.
People have been retaining, extracting, manipulating, and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC. But the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)" [6, p. 60-65]. Their definition consists of three categories:
- techniques for processing;
- the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making;
- the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.
Wireless communication technology is a modern alternative to traditional wired networking. Where wired webs rely on cables to connect digital devices to-gether, wireless networks rely on wireless technologies.
Wireless technologies are widely used in both home and business computer networks, for a variety of uses.
While there are a lot of benefits to wireless technologies, there are also some disadvantages.
As networks play a central role in the operation of many companies, busi-ness, computer, networking topics tend to be closely associated with IT. Net-working trends that play a key role in information technology include:
- Web capacity and performance: the popularity of online video has greatly increased the demand for network bandwidth both on the Internet and on IT webs. New types of software applications that support richer graphics and deep-er interaction with computers also tend to generate larger amounts of information and network traffic. IT teams must plan appropriately not just for their enter-prise's current needs but also this future growth.
2 The impact of the network technologies on society
In order to understand the effects of the Internet on mankind, we should remember that technology is substance cultivation. It is produced in a public pro-cedure in a given institutional atmosphere on the base of the ideas, values, inter-ests, and awareness of their producers, both their beforehand producers and their following producers. In this operation we must comprise the users of the tech-nology, who appropriate and alter the technology rather than adopting it, and by so doing they adjust it and develop it in an limitless system of interaction be-tween technological producing and public use. So, to assess the connection of In-ternet in the public we must remember the precise characteristics of Internet as a technology. Then we must position it in the framework of the modification of the overall public form, as well as in relationship to the culture feature of this public shape. Indeed, we live in a new public form, the worldwide network society, characterized by the arise of a new background, the background of autonomy.
Internet is a technology of liberty, in the terms coined in 1973, coming from a libertarian learning, paradoxically financed by the Pentagon for the advantage of scientists, engineers, and their students, with no control military use in mind. The development of the Internet from the mid-1990s forward resulted from the mixture of three major factors:
The technological development of the World Wide Net by Tim Berners-Lee and his willingness to assign the origin rules to upgrade it by the unlocked-origin contribution of a worldwide community of users, in continuity with the openness of the TCP/IP Internet protocols. The web keeps running under the same funda-mental of unclosed origin. In addition, two-thirds of network servers are operated by Apache, an unlocked-origin server pro-gram.
Institutional replacement in the direction of the Internet, keeping it under the free control of the worldwide Internet community, privatizing it, and allowing both commercial uses and cooperative uses.
Main changes in public system, refinement, and public behavior: network-ing as a universal organizational formation; individuation as the principal align-ment of public behavior; and the education of autonomy as the education of the network humanity [5].
Our humanity is a network humanity; that is, a society constructed around individual and organizational networks powered by digital networks and com-municated by the Internet. And because networks are worldwide and know no boundaries, the network mankind is a worldwide network mankind. This histori-cally particular public system resulted from the interaction between the emerging technological paradigm based on the digital rebellion and some main sociocultur-al changes. A principal dimension of these changes is what has been labeled the start of the Me-centered mankind, or, in sociological terms, the system of indi-viduation, the reject of community accepted in terms of margin, occupation, rela-tives, and ascription in common. This is not the ending of community, and not the ending of location-based interaction, but there is a shift toward the recon-struction of public relationships, including powerful cultural and individual ties that could be considered a shape of community, on the base of unique interests, values, and projects.
Conclusion
The growth of public interest in using the Internet has been given further stimulus since the mid-1990s thanks to increasingly powerful computers, user-friendly desktop operating systems, a rapid and continuing increase in connection transmissive capacity, and the availability of a wide range of online services. At the same time, the cost of both computer hardware and wide-band Internet con-nections has fallen dramatically. In addition to the many Internet cafés, the Inter-net can be accessed from public libraries, community centers and other publicly accessible institutions free of charge, which means that even those with limited means can gain access to information services, provided they have a small funds of computer literacy.
The Internet, as all technologies, does not produce effects by itself. It has specific effects in altering the capacity of the communication system to be orga-nized around flows that are interactive, multimodal, asynchronous or synchro-nous, global or local, and from many to many, from people to people, from peo-ple to objects, and from objects to objects, increasingly relying on the semantic web.
It is clear that without the Internet we would not have seen the large-scale development of networking as the fundamental mechanism of social structuring and public change in every domain of social life. The Internet, the World Wide Web, and a variety of networks based on wireless platforms constitute the tech-nological infrastructure of the network society, as the electrical grid and the elec-trical engine were the support system for the form of social organization that we conceptualized as the industrial society.
Thus, as a public construction, this technological system is open ended, as the network society is an open-ended form of social organization that conveys the best and the worse in humankind. The global network society is our society, and the understanding of its logic on the basis of the interaction between culture, or-ganization, and technology in the formation and development of public and tech-nological networks is a key field of research in the 21t century.
We can only make progress in our understanding through the cumulative effort of scholarly research. Only then, we will be able to cut through the myths surrounding the key technology of our time. A digital communication technology that is already a second skin for young people, it continues to feed the fears and the fantasies of those who are still in charge of a society that they barely under-stand.
The networking revolution has completely changed how the computer is used. Today, no one would imagine using a computer that was not connected to one or more networks. The development of the Internet and World Wide Web, combined with wireless access, has made information available at our finger-ends. As networking technology has matured, the use of Internet technologies has become a standard for every type of organization.
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