TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Wood as a natural ecosystem
1.2 Forest types and forest conditions
1.3 Definition and types of forest fires
1.3.1 Classification of forest fires
1.3.2 The causes of forest fires
1.4 Consequences and prevention of forest fires
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAFICAL LIST
APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Forests as ecological systems are interesting and important in so many ways. Firstly, it is one of the few terrestrial ecosystems, preserved in a natural or slightly altered human condition.
Secondly, it is the largest ecosystem on Earth, which are characterized by high productivity and which accumulates most of the organic matter of the planet in the form of wood, detritus, humus, then used by mankind for their own consumption and for the recovery of endangered components of the biosphere in the course of human’s activity.
One of the main threats of forest natural complexes is fires. Natural forest fires – is the uncontrolled burning process, spontaneously emerge and spread in the environment, accompanied by intense heat release, smoke and light radiation, which poses a danger to people and damage to objects of economic activity and the environment.
Forest fires have a major negative impact on many processes of forest life. If forest fire happens, the growing forest with underbrush, undergrowth and grass cover are damaged or completely destroyed. Because of this source of wood is lost and water protective and hygienic properties of wood sharply reduced. Fires destroy birds’ nests and animals’ habitats, promote breeding of harmful insects.
One of the reasons for the increasing of forest fires is the sharp increase in the number of people who go to the woods for relaxing. Event of a fire in the forest is the result of careless and incompetent handling of fire. Also fire may arise from spontaneous combustion of peat, sometimes from lightning. Unusual dry spring and the careless attitude to nature, especially the spring grass burns, course such a number of fires. World statistics show that about 97% of all forest fires are caused by people. According for this fighting with forest fires is one of the most important state tasks.
Character of forest fire propagation depends on the forest fuel, their structure, number and placement. For combustible materials in the forest include mosses, lichens, litter and peat, grass and shrubs, underbrush and undergrowth, stumps, fallen trees, logging residues, needles.
Statistics for the Gomel region for the 2015 is very disappointing - at the moment there have been about 103 forest fires with an area of about 150 hectares. The second place is Mogilev region (55 fires, 134 hectares), the third - Brest (62 fires, 75 hectares).
Nowadays research of studying the impact of the pyrogenic factor on natural systems, paid little attention. This is mainly single experimental study of the effect of fire on certain components of geosystems: vegetation, soil, meso- and microfauna as well as forecasting and spread of wildfires.
Despite the achievements of Russian scientists in the modeling of fires in natural ecosystems, nowadays there is no model that take into account the
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 1.1 Forest as a natural ecosystem
The term "forest" can be seen at different levels. On a global scale - it is part of the biosphere, in the local - it may be planting. Forest can still be regarded as a natural-zonal division, as a provincial division, as the forest and as an ecosystem.
Forest - one of the main types of land cover, submitted numerous life forms of plants, among which the main role played trees and shrubs, secondary - grasses, shrubs, mosses, lichens, etc...
A characteristic feature of the forest is that its constituent components are connected with each other and with the environment. Thus, solar energy - the main source of plant communities - in the forest absorb mostly tree crown in the process of photosynthesis and thereby accumulate organic matter. Most of the solar energy is reflected from the surface of the crown and the soil in the clearings and goes into the atmosphere, a small portion on transpiration is spent [4, c. 34].
The total forest area is slightly more 4 billion ha. As a part of the total forest area is one that’s wooded. The latter does not include the areas under meadows, roads, grasslands, glades within the woodland area. It is estimated at about 3 billion ha. The per capita total forest area is approximately 0.8 hectares. Forests cover about two-thirds of the area of North and South America: in the north - coniferous taiga, in the subtropics - coniferous and deciduous forests and palm trees, in the equatorial zone - evergreen rain or rainfall forests.
Forests play main role in developing the economy, improving the environment, improving people's welfare. The trees themselves - the most powerful creators of biomass; It’s a fuel supplier, and most important - the wood for construction projects and crafts, industrial raw materials, tanning, pharmaceuticals, dye and many other useful substances. Without tanning extract obtained from the bark of forest trees, for example, cannot be leather industry. A timber made from 20 thousand kinds of articles and products. Without it, cannot leave out sector of the economy. Plastics, fertilizers, explosives are made from wood. Sawdust produced alcohol, sugar, synthetic rubber.
Forest - this is not just a collection of trees and shrubs, the forest is an ecosystem - a complex community of closely related items, it includes both living organisms (biota) and non-living, abiotic component - air, soil and water. Forest Biota includes vegetation, animals and micro-organisms, with forest vegetation - is not only woody vegetation, but also grasses, mosses, fungi, algae and lichens [16, c. 132].
Depending on the biological characteristics of the most important plants, their age and specific physical and geographical conditions in the forest a few plants growing stages. Stages - quite clearly circumscribed horizons of
CONCLUSION
1. The wildfires burning understand, spontaneously extending along a forest area. Causes of fires in the forest can be divided into natural and man-made. The most common natural causes of large forest fires on Earth are usually lightning.
In forestry practice distinguish 3 types of fires: grassroots, horse and soil. Characterized by ground fire burning lower tiers of vegetation in forest ecosystems: the litter, litter, moss and grass cover. Crown fires are different from the grassroots so that along with the burning of ground cover and litter burning the trees. The soil (peat) fires are characterized by flameless combustion of peat soil. When burning a layer of small capacity (up to 0.3 m), these fires are called the litter-humus.
Depending on the conditions of occurrence, distribution and development of large-scale forest fires and their consequences (fire traversed the area and number of people required for the localization of a fire) are six classes from A (very weak) to E (catastrophic fire).
2. To date, the share of natural fires (lightning) is about 7% -8%, that is, the appearance of most of the forest fires caused by human activities. The fire season in invalid throw cigarette butts on the forest floor, to burn dry grass, making a fire, keep inflammable materials in the forest, etc.
The causes of forest fires: careless handling of a man with fire; failure to comply with safety measures at a campfire in the forest belt; children's pranks with matches in the forest area; burning garbage, dry grass in the vicinity of forest areas; random sparks from the exhaust pipe of the car or motorcycle; lightning hit a tree; fire wiping material impregnated with oil, gasoline, or other self-inflammable composition; random focusing sunlight glass bottle.
A fire can cause fuel tanks refueling car with the engine running, and engine fuel system malfunction. In some cases, natural fires are the result of arson, man-made disaster or catastrophe.
3. In 2014, there was 687 forest fires in the country, which is 2.5 times more than in 2013. The total area covered by forest fires was 359 hectares, including forest land area - 345 hectares.
Due to the violation of public fire safety rules in forests has occurred 62 forest fire, or 9% of the total, as a result of agricultural fires, lightning, the fault logging, expeditions and other organizations - 43 fire (6.3%). For unknown reasons, the fire was 582, or 84.7% of the total.
As a result of forest fires 13,735 s.m. burned or damaged of standing timber and 76 s.m. of harvested forest products. The damage caused by forest fires, was 817.3 million rubles. In addition, forest fires and liquidation of their consequences took 783.7 million rubles, of which 85.7% (671.3 million rubles) falls on the costs associated with the extinguishing of forest fires.
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