Introduction
1 History of Salisbury
1.1Saxon Salisbury
1.2 Salisbury in the Middle Ages
1.3 Salisbury in the 16th century
1.4 Salisbury in the 17th century
1.5 Salisbury in the 18th century
1.6 Salisbury in the 19th century
1.7 Salisbury in the 20th century
Conclusion
Bibliography
Supplement
Vocabulary
Questions
Translation from English into Russian
1. HISTORY OF SALISBURY
1.1. SAXON SALISBURY
The story of Salisbury began 2,500 years ago when an Iron Age fort was built on Salisbury Hill about 2 miles north of the modern town center. During the Iron Age, a hillfort was constructed around it sometime between 600 and 300 BC. The Romans may have occupied the site or left it in the hands of an allied tribe. In the 6th century AD the Saxons invaded Wiltshire. In 552 Saxons and Celts fought a battle at Salisbury Hill. The Celts were defeated and fled westwards. The fort probably lay abandoned for centuries.
However by the early 11th century a settlement had grown up on the site of the old fort. In 1003 the Vikings raided Wilton some of the survivors may have fled to the safety of Salisbury Hill and founded a new settlement. The new town had a mint and a market.
About 1069 William the Conqueror built a wooden castle to overlook the settlement and keep the inhabitants in line after the Battle of Hastings of 1066. In 1075, the Council of London established Herman as the first bishop of Salisbury, uniting his former sees of Sherborne and Ramsbury into a single diocese which covered the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, and Berkshire. (He had earlier planned to move his seat to Malmesbury but was blocked by its monks and Earl Godwin). Hermann and his successor Saint Osmund began the construction of the first Salisbury cathedral but neither lived to see its completion in 1092. Osmund was a cousin of William the Conqueror and Lord Chancellor of England; he was responsible for the codification of the Sarum Rite, the compilation of the Domesday Book (which was probably presented to William at Old Sarum), and—after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops—was finally canonized by Pope Callixtus III in 1457. The cathedral was consecrated on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later. Bishop Roger was a close ally of Henry I who served as his viceroy during the king's absence to Normandy and directed the royal administration and exchequer along with his extended family. He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s and began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor Stephen. After this arrest, the castle at Old Sarum was allowed to fall into disrepair, but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.
Bishop Hubert Walter was instrumental in the negotiations with Saladin during the Third Crusade, but he spent little time in his diocese prior to his elevation to archbishop of Canterbury. The brothers Herbert and Richard Poore succeeded him and began planning the relocation of the cathedral into the valley almost immediately. Their plans were approved by King Richard I but repeatedly delayed: Herbert was first forced into exile in Normandy in the 1190s by the hostility of his archbishop Walter and then again to Scotland in the 1210s owing to royal hostility following the papal interdiction against King John. The secular authorities were particularly incensed, according to tradition, owing to some of the clerics debauching the castellan's female relations. In the end, the clerics were refused permission to reenter the city walls following their rogations and
CONCLUSION
Salisbury is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England and the only city in the county. It is the second largest settlement in the county. The city is located in the south-east of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. It sits at the confluence of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye and Bourne are tributary to the Avon. History of Salisbury divides into seven periods: Saxon, Salisbury in the Middle Ages, Salisbury in the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century’s. Each period is peculiar for history of Salisbury.
Today Salisbury is a modern city. One of the main industries in Salisbury is tourism. Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is about 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Salisbury and greatly aids the local economy. The city itself, Old Sarum, the present cathedral and the ruins of the former one also attract visitors. There are several historic churches: Salisbury Cathedral, St Martin's, St Thomas's of Canterbury, St Edmund’s. There are numerous schools in and around Salisbury. The city has a football team, Salisbury F.C., who play in the Wessex Football League. The local theatre is the Salisbury Playhouse. The City Hall is an entertainment venue and hosts comedy, musical performances (including those by the resident Musical Theatre Salisbury) as well as seminars and conventions. Salisbury Arts Centre has exhibitions and workshops. Salisbury is well-supplied with pubs. 'The Haunch of Venison', overlooking the Poultry Cross, still operates from a 14th-century building. Salisbury is served by two local radio stations. Spire FM is the Independent Local Radio station, and BBC Wiltshire is the BBC Local Radio public service station for the whole county. Regional television services are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. The Salisbury Journal is the local paid-for weekly newspaper which is available in shops every Thursday, with some home deliveries coming on Wednesday night. The local free weekly newspaper from the same publisher is the Avon Advertiser, which is delivered to houses in Salisbury and the surrounding area. A local television channel called That's Salisbury was launched on 7 May 2015 and broadcasts from studios at Scots Lane.
Travel from London to Salisbury is quick and easy. Trains leave London’s Waterloo Station every hour for the 90 minute trip (add an hour if you change trains in Basingstoke). Travel by bus (National Express from Victoria Coach Station) is less convenient with minimal savings over taking the train. Driving the 90 miles between the two cities is another option and should take about 2 hours though once you arrive you'll not need the car so unless you already have a rental the train is probably your best option.
In conclusion, I would like to say that Edward Rutherfurd published the novel «Sarum» in 1987. It is an imaginative retelling of the history of Salisbury.
Don’t miss the chance to visit Salisbury.
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2. Childs, J The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980)
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5. Rutherfurd, E. Sarum. 1987.
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http://www.information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Salisbury2/.(дата обращения: 25.04.2016)
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