Стрессоустойчивость в спорте Реферат

Common symptoms: rapid fatigability, decreased performance, sleep disturbance, lack of feeling of freshness and vigor after sleep, episodic headaches.

Specific signs: nervousness, capriciousness, mood instability, internal irritability, occurrence of unpleasant sensations durable asthenia. Initially, these symptoms do not appear often and are not very pronounced.

- Capriciousness: the athlete remains disciplined, organized, as usual, qualitatively performs the coach's task, but periodically expresses dissatisfaction with communication, task, conditions, etc. This is manifested in facial expressions, gestures, tone of speech. Such a reaction can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increasing neuro-psychological tensions. But you cannot leave them without attention.

- Mood instability: manifested in the rapid change and the inadequacy of emotional reactions. Insignificant success causes stormy joy, which can quickly be replaced by dissatisfaction with everything that surrounds.

- Internal irritability: most often expressed in facial expressions and pantomime, is not manifested in behavioral acts.

- Unpleasant feelings: to a certain extent, they are an excuse for an athlete in those cases when he refuses to perform any tasks or performs unsuccessfully in competitions. Such moods must be gently but steadily suppressed. Complaints are most often painful, but they usually pass quickly.

- The growing, unrestrained irritability is expressed in the fact that the athlete loses his temper, directing his anger to his comrades, the coach, completely random people; for some time he still tries to explain the causes of anger, then loses self-criticism, is less and less likely to have remorse of conscience; becomes intolerant to the shortcomings of the people around them.

- Emotional instability leads to sharp fluctuations in performance.

Currently, athletes have to confront a number of the following factors, which can be divided into two main groups - pre-competitive and competitive, because the perception of stress-factors by an athlete is very individual and selective.

1) Precompetitive stress-factors:

· Previous poor training and competitive results.

· Conflicts with a coach, teammates, or family.

· The position of the favorite before the competition.

· Poor sleep a day or a few days before the start.

· Bad competition equipment.

· Previous failures.

· Inflated claims.

· Long moving to the place of competitions.

· Constant thoughts about the need to perform the task.

· Stranger opponent.

· Prior lesions from this adversary.

2) Competitive stress-factors:

· Failures at the start.

· Non-objective judging.

· Delay start.

· Reproaches during the competition.

· Increased excitement.

· Considerable superiority of the opponent.

· Unexpected high scores.

· Visual, acoustic and tactile interference.

· The reaction of the audience.

· Poor physical well-being.

· Painful finishing syndrome, fear of death.

Also the following reasons can be considered as stress-facrors:

1. Competitive wrestling conquest a record or victory over an opponent;

2. The maximum voltage of all physical and mental strength athlete during sports struggle, without which it is impossible to achieve victory;

3. Long, systematic, persistent a serious training process adjustments to the athlete's life mode It should be noted that in sports psychology, the term “stress” and “mental tension” are often regarded as synonymous, although here, tradition also attributes the term “stress” to a negative value.

Understanding stress tolerance as an athlete’s ability to maintain high mental and physical performance under the action of strong emotional factors (stressors), most scientists associates the nature of stress resistance with individual differences in the properties of the nervous system and temperament. However, studies show that the dependence of activity in conditions of mental stress on the characteristics of neuropsychodynamics cannot be considered unequivocally - facts show that the property of the nervous system and temperament determines its influence on an athlete not by themselves, not directly and directly, but depending on a number of individual and personal characteristics - motives and relationships of the individual, social status, features of mental processes, etc.

Emotional stability - is one of the factors of reliability in competitive activity. Emotional stability is especially recommended to work out with athletes with signs of neuroticism, usually less successful competitors, in order to increase emotional stability an athlete must constantly control his emotions, both negative and positive, keep them in “frames”, work on their manifestation culture. The possibility of increasing emotional stability under the influence of self-suggestion has been proven.

An athlete can succeed in stressful situations only if he is able to effectively manage his emotional state. For example, it was found that American football players have a higher emotional stability than ordinary students of the same college. 

Evaluation of emotional stability is a rather complicated problem. The conclusion about the level of emotional stability of an athlete on the results of testing may not only be insufficiently reliable, but also cause some harm to the athlete himself and his relationship with the coach and his teammates. However, even if many athletes are not as emotionally stable as we would like, they have more than enough expressed qualities such as hardness of character, the need for achievement, etc., which provides them with the necessary optimal mental state during competitions.

Moreover, it can be assumed that world-class athletes either have emotional problems under effective control, or they are extremely emotionally stable personally.

According to Cattell, an individual with a pronounced strong “Me” is distinguished by maturity, firmness, perseverance, calmness, a sense of reality in solving problems, and an insignificant level of so-called “neurotic fatigue”. On the other hand, a less emotionally stable individual is characterized by a tendency toward neuroticism, inconstancy, inability to endure frustration. He shies away from making decisions and acts, as a rule, impulsively. Moreover, unstable individuals often experience fatigue even in the absence of significant physical exertion. This “effort syndrome” is often observed in extremely neurotic subjects. It is difficult to accurately determine the amount of additional emotional costs required by the coach to work effectively with emotionally unstable athletes. If they also possess outstanding physical data, then the coach’s help in solving their psychological problems will not only benefit these athletes, but may also help them achieve national and international results. On the contrary, the absence of such assistance can accelerate the onset of an emotional breakdown, especially as the stressfulness of the competitive environment increases. Athletes with such violations should be given professional counseling psychologist, since their problems can be quite serious.

In order to overcome stress in sports practice, the following are used: спорт psychological support of an athlete (sports team), i.e., a psychologist’s activity aimed at improving or updating mental properties, processes and conditions to increase the effectiveness of the training process, preparing for competitions and performances in them;

- psychological assistance to an athlete to solve problems and difficulties characteristic of different stages of a sports career: at the initial sports specialization stage - the discrepancy between the actual training process and the ideas of young athletes about him and the chosen sport; at the stage of in-depth training - work "on the result", associated with a pronounced increase in training loads; at the stage of higher achievements - the transition from youth to adult sports, sport becomes the main business of life; at the stage of transition to professionals - self-care about maintaining their fitness; at the stage of completion of a sports career (the most psychologically difficult stage) - sports results do not grow for a long time or start to decline:

- advising the athlete, coach (organizing a trusting dialogue with the athletes and the trainer, the direction of analyzing a stressful situation, proposing options, showing the consequences of a choice, as well as helping the athlete to find an “inner support” for overcoming difficulties himself, as well as consulting coaches problems in the psychological training of athletes)

Lectures and classes aimed at improving the psychological literacy and competence of the athlete and trainer.

Psychological support for athletes to overcome stress is implemented in two directions: all work on assisting an athlete is done by a psychologist, coordinating with the coach the goals of work and organizational issues (which athletes to work with first, exercise time, etc.);

- psychological and pedagogical influences are implemented by a trainer for diagnostic information and recommendations of a psychologist.

Many coaches effectively communicate with athletes and successfully solve problems. However, it should be borne in mind that the coach’s ability to provide psychological assistance is limited, he cannot fully evaluate the results of psychological diagnostics, conduct training to improve interaction, engage in psychotechnical games, etc. The practice of sports psychologists shows that psychological support for coping with stress is the most effective conditions in which both the psychologist himself works with the athletes, and gives the necessary advice to the coach.

In the process of evolutionary development, humans developed certain behavioral patterns of stress response. The physiological reaction, first of all - the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream, prepares a person to escape or fight.

However, in modern, civilized living conditions, the body cannot properly use the energy released as a result of physiological changes, intended for flight or attack. This increases the degree of fatigue and wear. Sports activities make it possible to use this energy constructively and purposefully, protecting the body from exhaustion. That is why, from a physiological point of view, sport plays an important role in overcoming stress, helping to direct energy into a useful channel and use it safely.

In addition, at the physiological level occurs:

• Endorphins production. While experiencing stress, a person increases the level of cortisol, a stress hormone, and there is a lack of endorphins, hormones of joy, which are formed during sports.

• Saturation of organs and tissues with oxygen.

• Regulation of blood sugar (glucose).

At the same time, at a psychological level during stress, a person may feel frustration, irritation, guilt, shame, apathy, hopelessness, loneliness. The behavior fails from the occurrence of unforeseen and unusual circumstances, and the person intuitively tries to return to his usual ways of behavior.

Most often, these methods are harmful and self-destructive habits - smoking, drinking alcohol, a manifestation of impulsivity and aggressiveness. A person may begin to overeat, not experiencing hunger, but simply to calm down, or perform familiar for himself, but inappropriate and useless actions in these circumstances. Therefore, at the psychological and behavioral levels, sports are useful and can contribute to:

• Organize and streamline activity, bring actions and thoughts in order.

• Getting a sense of control over the situation, the lack of which a person experiences during stress.

• Increase self-esteem and self-confidence. Sports can bring joy and satisfaction from the achievement of even small results.

• Appearance of the goal and motivation, deliverance from hopelessness, passivity, refusal from activity.

• A distraction from negative thoughts. The physiological changes that occur during stress take time to stabilize. During this period, any moderate exercise is beneficial to the psychological state of a person, as it allows them to survive negative emotions without focusing on disturbing and debilitating thoughts.

As a way of dealing with stress, almost any sport can be used. It is important to take into account the physical capabilities of a person, his preferences and interests.

It is necessary to adjust the load properly so as not to overload the body. After training, a person must remain strong, he must feel a surge of vitality, and not exhaustion.

Resumption of former interests or hobbies - running, walking, playing tennis, swimming can positively affect self-esteem. A person can choose an already familiar sport or physical activity, or try to do something new, such as yoga, cycling, morning exercises.

For modern athletes, stress is an unnatural phenomenon, but rather a reaction to accumulated problems, to the endless process of dealing with everyday difficulties. Stress can be caused by factors related to the work and activities of the organization or events in your personal life. Sport is an integral part of the stress management program.

Regular physical activity will not only be able to bring a person into excellent physical shape, but also significantly increase stress resistance, which is important in modern, rapidly changing living conditions. If you want to get rid of nervous tension, obsessive thoughts and constant irritability, you can not do without physical exertion. The fact is that the effects of stress turn our body into a kind of clamped spring, which can be released with the help of a set of exercises. Intense loads contribute to the development of endorphins, which cause a feeling of peace and tranquility. A sedentary lifestyle, on the contrary, leads to the fact that the level of stress reaches a critical point that can cause serious nervous breakdowns and breakdowns.

The use of various means, methods and techniques of psychological preparation, based on individual psychosomatic and personal characteristics of athletes, the specifics of their competitive activities and the prevailing stress factors of the internal and external nature, contributes to the formation of the necessary personality traits responsible for successfully overcoming stress in sports competitive activities. And on how timely and competently psychological support will be organized for an athlete, his sports longevity, physical and mental well-being, success, satisfaction with himself and sports results, self-confidence and his abilities in and out of sport depend.