Introduction
Due to the known difficulties in the society people are often forced to survive in their own environment. Many people are in a state of insecurity, do not want to live, go into suicide, because they do not find or have lost the meaning of the life; others feel the need to search for life values and it is not always easy to accomplish such search.
One of the basic needs of a man is the need for self-actualization (self-realization). In this regard, the idea of the authorship of one’s own life, realized through sense-creation, goal-setting, self-determination and other independently developed functional installations, acquires special significance in the life of an individual. This will allow a person to overcome the difficulties encountered on his way, to gain his readiness to endure withstand the hardships and deprivations that arise in everyday life. It also contributes to the development of vitality by building a person’s own life line, the desire and ability to make a value choice for yourself. All activities of young people should be focused on self-creation. It is precisely when a person sets himself to develop certain abilities and when he is ready to act and develop in the society, a special quality (and a particularly necessary quality, we emphasize this) is vitality. It is worth saying that the problem of viability in philosophy is as eternal as the very existence of a man, during which (that is, existence) the search for the meaning of the existence by a man through comprehending and overcoming the ever-complicated realities of being, which is driven by a personality guided by intellectual and moral abilities, continuing improvement.
The vitality to a certain extent helps an individual to become extraordinary, to form special life-purpose attitudes for himself, to find and affirm himself in a certain social rank, to realize his creative abilities, transforming at the same time his environment in accordance with his needs. In other words, vitality can naturally be defined by us as a special state of the human person, achieving his goals in the process of clearly recognizing activity in the social environment, which, in turn, affects the actively manifesting himself, develops and enriches its spirit and reason, allowing it to develop its own “code” of counteracting life's troubles at the expense of its knowledge, energy, feelings and will.
In universities, traditionally the focus is on the theoretical training of students, while concentrating on the formation of future specialists who would be sufficiently practitioners (and this implies not only knowledge, but also skills, plus the necessary personal qualities of a full-fledged specialist that are always in demand by society), but that attention is far from being in the foreground at the crucial stage of training specialists with higher education. In confirmation of the fact that the vitality of a person is a complex of such qualities as purposefulness, activity and independence, the ability of a person to assess adequately their place and purpose in a particular environment, and if you look wider, in the world in general, we have taken attention to the definition of the concept of "vitality" in some philosophical works.
The vitality of a person in the context of philosophical approaches
We have taken into account the definitions of the concept of "vitality" in some philosophical works.
In general, the writings of A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche say a lot about the vitality. He and the other defined the vitality as a desire of a person to assert himself, his ability to live a rich spiritual life, allowing to be above the "hardships and deprivations" of everyday life, which significantly reduces the path to prosperity in life.
Reasonable statements about the uniqueness of a person and his responsibility for self-creation are also presented in the philosophy of existentialists, which make possible to analyze many aspects and characteristics of individual existence (refer here to A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre, V. Frankl, M. Heidegger and K. Jaspers). Man is an active being, capable of originative creation and subsequent self-development, accompanied by an awareness of the meaning of his own life and possessing a certain degree of freedom in the social environment.
The concept of “self” in the world perception and self-esteem of a personality suggests that the emergence and development of strengths in a human character is a kind of stimulator of change and improvement of the world, and also to substantiate the existence of a positive “I” relationship with being. The study of the conceptual provisions of the philosophers of the late XIX beginning of XX centuries (N.A. Berdyaev, N.O. Lossky, V.S. Soloviev, S.L. Frank) suggests that a person, realizing the knowledge of the world, will inevitably come to realize the need for self-development, and, having understood the meaning of life for himself, will certainly set to himself ambitious goals and be aware of their own involvement in achieving them. The harmony and unity of the inner world of a person say about him as a spiritually developed personality, having its own values, oriented on self-affirmation of its own individuality.
The works of modern philosophers (M.M. Bakhtin, V.V. Nalimov and others) reveal the principles of affirmation and self-awareness of a person as a free person: will and consciousness can give opportunity to their owner to become a person whose inner world is open to positive changes, giving a person sufficient volitional potential to overcome the most difficult life situations. The philosophical concept of positivism, put forward by B. Russell, reveals the reason that impedes "clear thinking", which reveals itself in the insufficiently developed moral qualities of the individual. Russell's ideas suggest the need to form and actualize “creative impulses of implantation” for a person as early as his youth, which will help him to “fit” into the community, provided that his developed mindset is sufficiently established.
Theoretical analysis has shown that a person’s ability to fully live in difficult situations means the social and psychological maturity of a person who has quite clearly defined his place in the world and in society on the basis of value orientations. The vitality of a person is determined not so much by diverse and deep knowledge, but based on certain qualities, which make it possible to exist fully in a particular social environment.
The principles and methods of psychological support for the development of students' vitality
In the university, it is needed, a system of psychological support, which includes the diagnosis, counseling, correction, prevention, and education of students who have difficulty in the process of developing vitality. However, in the practice of university activities such a system is absent. The methodological basis of the study is the activity approach. Different versions of this approach were developed by such psychologists as A.G. Ananyev, M.Ya. Basov, A.N. Leontyev, V.S. Mukhina, S.L. Rubinstein, A.A. Smirnov, B.M. Heat and many others.
Today it turns out to be very relevant a different understanding of the activity. This is not only an activity aimed at creating a subject, but mutual activity, interaction of equal partners freely participating in the process, each of which is considered with the other, as a result of which both of them change, and it is in the study of the interaction of participants in collective activities which lies in the works of V.V. Davydov.
Mutual activities of a psychologist with a student are important. The mechanism of personality development is understood by us as self-changing. “The essence of the activity in the creation of the human world by man, in the creation of his own relations and of himself” (V.V. Davydov). “Nature does not make people, people make themselves”, “a person is capable of a free action-deed” (V.P. Zinchenko). But the active experience of being is the way in which conditions are created for the unrestricted movement of man to freedom (V.F. Lazarev).
The most important quality of a person is to represent the subject, i.e. be the creator of your own destiny, the “author” of your own path. The integrity of the subject means first of all the unity, the integrity of its activities. There is a single activity of an individual and group subject (A.V. Brushlinsky). The development of the psyche must be associated not only with the development of individual activities, but also with the development of their system. In this case, the overall system is as follows: individual activities are born and develop from joint activities, which, in turn, leads to the development of a system of individual types of activities, the subject can be included in changes in joint activities, self-determining, the subject can be included, and it is important what the conditions will be development of each individual activity included in this system (V.S. Lazarev). An existential-humanistic approach to psychology is also relevant [3,176].
According to the concepts of Maslow, Fromm and Rogers, the society in most cases does not prevent the formation of a self-actualizing and fully-formed personality. A self-actualizing person, being an example of normal development, embodies fully the human essence. Later, Maslow identified two groups of dream needs and development needs. Carl Rogers focused on strengthening the individual’s belief in himself and the possibility of achieving the “ideal self.” He called this form of therapy “client centered therapy”. The latter consciously takes responsibility for solving the most important life problems for him.
Conclusion
Modern higher professional education makes serious demands to future specialists not only in terms of the quality of knowledge and professional skills gained by students, but also in the personal development of future professionals (in our case, teachers). Therefore, along with professional training, it is necessary to engage in personal training of professionals who will work with people. Higher pedagogical education is faced with the task of helping the future teacher develop his personality traits and qualities, such as self-understanding, self-perception, self-analysis, self-regulation, self-determination, the need to master higher values.
The activity of teachers working at all levels of the educational system should be aimed at improving the personality. The process of updating resilient qualities involves the use of the principles of dialogization, expressed in addressing the interlocutor, in accepting the argument of the interlocutor and his system of arguments, in the art of listening and providing support.
The effectiveness of the development of vitality qualities is provided by:
1. The focus of the psychological service on the development of personal qualities, skills, and the acquisition of personal experience from cooperation with others through the introduction of conflict situations, as well as the development of values, attitudes on the value of life, understanding and awareness of the phenomenon of "vitality".
2. Increasing the subjectivity of future specialists through the modeling of social situations.
3. The development of adequate self-perception as the basis for confident behavior that promotes success, satisfaction with life and professional career, the achievement of such results that make the person interested in self-improvement, self-determination, self-realization, which will help create a holistic personality that can regulate the processes of integration and organization professional career and value orientation, predict the future.
4. Increasing self-regulation: stress resistance and reducing anxiety, development of perseverance, optimism, independence, as well as the ability to overcome difficulties.
Vocabulary
1. psychological support – психологическая поддержка
2. environment – окружающая среда
3. vitality – жизнестойкость
4. readiness – готовность
5. self-realization – самореализация
6. ability – способность
7. existence – существование
8. purpose – цель
9. awareness – осознание
10. prosperity – благосостояние
11. meaning – значение
12. spiritual life – духовная жизнь
13. value – ценность
14. self-affirmation – самоутверждение
15. principles – принципы
16. psychological maturity – психологическая зрелость
17. consciousness – сознание
18. concept – концепция, понятие
19. suggest – предлагать
20. mindset – менталитет
21. opportunity – возможность
22. contribute – способствовать
23. interaction – взаимодействие
24. self-improvement – самосовершенствование
25. cooperation – сотрудничество
26. courage – храбрость, смелость
27. behavior – поведение
28. self-development – саморазвитие
29. individuality – индивидуальность
30. self-analysis – самоанализ.
Аннотация
В реферате рассказывается о том, что современная социальная ситуация развития нашего общества в целом и всей системы образования, в частности, весьма «целенаправленно» создает условия для основательной перестройки системы ценностных ориентации педагогов, обеспечивая одно из важнейших условий развития смысловой сферы личности — испытания в трудных жизненных ситуациях.
В связи с этим, необходим определенный уровень жизнестойкости личности, чтобы пережить кризисы, конкуренцию, понизить уровень тревожности. Людям с низким уровнем жизнестойкости необходима психологическая поддержка, нужен индивидуальный подход к ним, совместный поиск адекватных способов преодоления трудностей для взращивания веры в себя, в успех, в саморазвитие.
Анализ теории и практики образовательной деятельности дает основание утверждать, что будущие специалисты не обладают в полном объеме качествами, которые востребованы сегодня. Несмотря на достаточно широкое исследование проблем саморазвития личности, профессиональной подготовки, проблема воспитания личности, обладающей жизнестойкими качествами, всё еще остаётся актуальной, понятие «жизнестойкости» специалиста и научно-методическая модель жизнестойкости практически не разработаны.
Одной из базовых потребностей человека является потребность в самоактуализации (самоосуществлении). В связи с этим особую значимость приобретает идея авторства собственной жизни, реализуемая через смыслотворчество, целеполагание, самоопределение и другие самостоятельные функциональные позиции. Это позволит преодолевать трудности, встречающиеся на пути, готовность стойко переносить лишения и потери. Такое качество личности, как жизнестойкость, необходимо развивать через выстраивание своей линии жизни, ценностный выбор. Вся деятельность молодых людей должна быть направлена на самосозидание.
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